Dionco-Adetayo, E.A.
Department of Management & Accounting
Obafemi Awolowo University
Osun
State, Nigeria
Email:
eadetayo@oauife.edu.ng.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to investigate
the attitude of the youth towards entrepreneurship programs. It aimed at identifying the capacity factors
of potential youth entrepreneurs and the critical external factors influencing
their attitude towards entrepreneurship programs. It also aimed at determining
the level of influence of these factors and identifying the perceived enhancing
factors and inhibitions on the youth entrepreneurial skill development.
The data of the study were collected from
two hundred and ten respondents who were in their final year in the tertiary
institutions in the southwestern Nigeria. The respondents were selected using
stratified random sampling method. Entrepreneurship program attitude was
measured using Likert scale, while the independent variables were measured by
nominal and interval scaling techniques. Data were collected through pre-tested
questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to describe and highlight the
variables, while inferential statistical tools were applied in the analysis of
the relationships existing between variables of interest.
The results show that innovativeness and
industriousness were the entrepreneurial personality traits that scored very
high. Infrastructure, finance, and
technical factors were revealed to have been inhibiting their potentials, while
educational system and the rate of information technology development were
perceived to have positively impacted their attitude. A linear dependence
between entrepreneurial personality traits, learning, and experience, and the
general attitude were revealed. Social
factors were among those revealed to have averagely influenced the attitude of
the youth towards entrepreneurship programs. The study concluded that entrepreneurial capacity factors, such as personality traits, learning, experiences, social factors and culture; and entrepreneurial enhancing factors, such as information technology development and education system have influenced the favorable attitude of the youth towards entrepreneurship programs. The study also concluded that the integration of some factors, such as infrastructure and finance during information processing forming the beliefs of the youth have inhibited their skill development, thus developing an unfavorable attitude towards entrepreneurship programs.
Key words:
Attitude, youth, entrepreneurship
1.0
Introduction
Entrepreneurship
has been recognized as an important element in the dynamics of modern
economies. Many businesses, small and
medium have become the major source of new job creation. They have made great contributions in
introducing valuable new products and keeping the economy competitive in the
world markets. This impressive and rapid
growth of entrepreneurship is attributed to the power of education in promoting
social, economic, political, and spiritual well-being of an individual and
social development. Education has been
the instrument in the development of man to enable him live an effective and
meaningful life and to be able to contribute towards the development of society
in which he finds himself.
The
growth of entrepreneurship programs in educational institutions is remarkable
for over two decades now aiming to change the mindset of the youth. Colleges and universities provide
entrepreneurial programs to undergraduate and graduate students, including
practicing and potential entrepreneurs outside the educational
institutions. Today, entrepreneurship
programs have extended to the secondary and primary levels of education and
have become the focus of discussion among many scholars. They believe that the introduction of
entrepreneurship programs to the children at the lower level of education would
enhance children’s attributes and further develop awareness of entrepreneurial
opportunities and skills to form entrepreneurial venture. It was also argued and discussed that the
introduction of entrepreneurship program to preschool years is a crucial stage
of the children cognitive and personality development imperative to
entrepreneurial development. Various
government and non-government agencies working for the development of
entrepreneurship also provide training for dropouts and unschooled youths.
This timely discussion and focus of entrepreneurship
programs for the youth in the economic struggle is of paramount importance in
economic development in particular developing countries like Nigeria. Youths are recognized, believed and hoped to
be the future economic leaders. They are
to build that dreamed entrepreneurial community. For when entrepreneurship is the practice of
many members of the society, that society develops very rapidly. In essence, economic prosperity if it is to
be achieved, lies on the entrepreneurial development of the youth. Reynolds, Hay, Bygrave, Camp, and Autio
(2000) reported that most firms have started and operated among those men aged
between twenty-five and thirty-four years.
This means entrepreneurship programs for the youths prepare them for
early entrepreneurial involvement. This
clearly means entrepreneurship programs for the youth has yielded successful
entrepreneurs whose performances have been reckoned and appreciated. Numerous articles, books and television
programs have actually acknowledged and portrayed them in no small part.
The youth involvement in the economic struggle is of paramount
importance. Developing them to have the spirit and drive towards
entrepreneurship would mean preparing them to become successful and useful in
the society and in the same manner making the society entrepreneurial. Unlike the tradition of focusing the
development to the adults especially the retirees in order to make a living
does not mean making the society entrepreneurial. Although it makes a small economic difference
but their limited time cannot impact the passing of their successes to
others. Therefore, economic prosperity
if it is to be achieved lies in the development of the youth.
In Nigeria, at the
early age of the youth of which have been traditionally regarded as members of
the economic production unit of the family had served their parents in various
capacities. In the context of rural
life, Adedoyin and Torimiro (1998) submitted that children are important source
of labor, while in the micro scale industry, Dionco-Adetayo (1998) stressed
that entrepreneurs relied on the efforts of their children. In other words, the involvement of youth at
the early age of their lives in various entrepreneurial activities is evident,
both in the urban and rural areas of the economy (Torimiro and Dionc-Adetayo,
(2003). On these primes, the theories of
socialization process that have offered explanations to the wide range of
potentialities open to children to become entrepreneurs, those behavioral
patterns that are customary and acceptable according to the standards of the
family and social groups related to entrepreneurship, there is no doubt that
the country this time should have been experiencing economic prosperity. The exposure of the youths to economic
upheavals might have crafted an entrepreneurial community with evidence of
economic and technological development. Additionally, the majority might have
been satisfied with locally manufactured goods and are not dependent to the
labeled “imported” items.
2.0
Research Problem
In the past, arguments and discussion on entrepreneurship programs
have produced proven worthy of scholarly pursuit in research and
instruction. Studies have arrived at
what should be taught, when and how the materials be taught (Rabbior,
1996). The programs have successfully
eradicated the major obstacles hindering the growth of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, objectives were set to
continually aspire to do better by challenging what is being done and looking
ways to improve them. However, in Nigeria, many factors are replete
in the literature that might have been responsible for the slow growth of
entrepreneurship in the country. Despite
this result, the government and private sectors of the economy concern with
entrepreneurial development did no relent in their efforts to arrest the
problems contributing to the low level of entrepreneurship growth. Dionco-Adetayo, Fayomi, and Oribabor (1998)
revealed that the business courses offered in the tertiary institutions have
enhanced the potentials of the students in entrepreneurship. However, the
youths viewed the escalating unemployment problems an expression of the
government’s neglect to motivate the private sector of the economy. The youths believed that earning their
certificates means challenging jobs either in the public and private sectors
and are optimistic of getting job placement in the industry (Moibi, 2002).
Current researches have also shown that entrepreneurs have inherent
characteristics favorable to entrepreneurships (Dionco-Adetayo and Nassar,
1999) although they, the entrepreneurs have encounter barriers against their
effective performance such as lack of technical knowledge, problem of
infrastructure and facilities, among other problems (Dionco-Adetayo, 1998).
Despite massive information campaign on entrepreneurship and efforts of the
government in entrepreneurship programs, the realization for self-employment
becomes far from reality. What might have been responsible for the attitude of
the students towards unemployment and entrepreneurship? Do these found barriers eroded their entrepreneurial
spirit?
It is in this light that this study was carried out. It aims at outlining the possible factors
that are influencing the attitude of the youth towards entrepreneurship program
in the tertiary institutions.
Specifically, it aims to identify the entrepreneurial capacity factors and
the entrepreneurial opportunity factors of the potential youth
entrepreneurs. It is also aimed at
identifying the interfering external factors on their attitude and factors
enhancing and inhibiting their skill development.
3.0
Conceptual Framework for
Analysis
Generally, the behavior of an individual is greatly determined by
his/her attitude. Attitude has been
defined as a feeling or evaluative reaction to an idea, object or
situation. It depicts how positive or
negative, favorable or unfavorable a person feels towards that particular idea,
object, or situation in question. This
definition is not in fact universally accepted.
Socio-psychologists do not agree on the precise definition of this word
attitude. But recent development in the
various fields of study on attitude, they view attitude as multidimensional in
nature, as opposed to the unidimensional emphasis but the early theories. The
recent theory explains that the overall attitude of an individual is seen to be
a function of (1) the strength of each of a number of beliefs the person holds
about the various aspects or attributes of an idea, object or situation, and
(2) the evaluation the person gives to each belief as it relates to the idea or
object (Mayer and Sutton, 1996).
Fishbein (1976) opined that beliefs are feelings, perceptions and
knowledge over a certain object or idea that can be acquired through direct
experience and through communication and learning.
Accordingly, the favorable or unfavorable attitude of the youth
towards entrepreneurial involvement is a function of his/her held beliefs on
those attributes associated with entrepreneurship. These held beliefs, which
are the expressions of the individual’s feelings, perceptions, and knowledge on
the attributes of entrepreneurship, are the bases of his/her attitude about
it. In other words for entrepreneurship
program to be implemented successfully, there is a need to determine the
attributes associated with entrepreneurship and the attitude towards them.
Many scholars have described the functions, roles, nature, and
characteristics of an entrepreneur and others have submitted their opinions and
impressions about his economic activities.
Gill (1963) described the entrepreneur as an individual who possesses
the drive, ambition, foresight and imagination to break through traditional
barriers, overcome social inertia and transform theory into practice. An entrepreneur is an action oriented
individual. He has always the drive, the
energizing thrust to accomplish goals.
Being a creative individual, an entrepreneur has bright ideas and is
ready and willing to initiate action towards the realization of the
objectives. The entrepreneur is also
described as a person who is able to look at the opportunity offered by the
environment, marshal the available resources and implement action to maximize
those opportunities in order that production can take place (Kline, Stegall,
and Steinmetz, 1982). Many have shared
the same opinion that an entrepreneur has the vision to spot the opportunities
the environment is offering and has the ability to capitalize on them.
Entrepreneurship is then best viewed as a creative process that
stimulates an individual to undergo the stages of ideation, conceptualization,
enterprise creation, and commercialization.
Ideation is the process of generating ideas and becoming thoroughly
familiar with them. It is a period of
sleepless nights thinking for business opportunities. Conceptualization is a process of
generalizing the possibility of the ideas into tangible offer by considering
all the factors needed in producing and marketing the product. Enterprise creation process starts in
deciding what business choice opportunity should be considered and what legal
form of business ownership should the enterprise take. These decisions have actually started in the
conceptualization stage that is whether the entrepreneur opted to acquire an
existing venture, starting a new venture, join a partnership, or a
corporation. The last stage, commercialization,
is a process involving allocation, acquisition, and utilization of resources
for the production and distribution of goods and services to satisfy mankind.
Commercialization is the implementation stage, which is the beginning of the
business life.
Creative process therefore, involves the ability of an entrepreneur
in perceiving economic opportunities, innovation, risk-taking, capital
formation, selection of venture type, enterprise creation, resource
organization, production and marketing.
Throughout the process, the entrepreneur uses his creativity with his
mind as a creative masterpiece, full of infinite power. In reality, if men are to fully harness and
use his creative thinking ability, the wonderful technical, economic and social
progress that we have today will even be more than what we have actually
harnessed. It has been estimated that
man uses less than 10 percent of his creative ability. If man will only develop and apply even a
fraction of this, he cannot help but succeed in his economic endeavor.
Accordingly, the many attributes of entrepreneurship
recorded in the economic literature are influenced by the personality of an
individual that determines his/her attitude towards it. This attitude towards entrepreneurship
constitutes his/her entrepreneurial personality. Personality has been defined as a whole
person concept. It includes an
individual’s perception, learning, motivation, experience, socio-economic
characteristics, among others (Luthans, 1989; and Kimbel, Garmezy, and Zigler,
1974). Personality is described further
as a set of behavior patterns, which a person has acquired under special
circumstances of his/her development and as a member of his/her society and the
several groups he/she belongs.
Luthans (1989) explained that among the many factors
that influence attitude, culture makes a more significant contribution to
personality. Considering personality as
a psychological process of perception, learning, and motivation, culture
dictates what a person will learn.
Luthans further submitted that the contribution of family and social
group to personality development have the most impact. It is the family and later the social group,
which selects, interprets, and dispenses the culture. This contribution of family and social group
in dispensing the culture is what is referred to as the process of
socialization.
Mussen (1963) defined socialization as the process,
which an individual infant requires from the enormously wide range of
behavioral potentialities that are open to him at birth, those behavior pattern
that are customary and acceptable according to the standards of his family and
social group. In essence, home
environment and the immediate community of a person play a vital role in
developing his/her beliefs.
An attitude is also influenced by the socio-economic
characteristics of a person, which determine his/her behavior. Older people for instance, have different
outlook in life compared to the younger ones because experiences, education,
and situation made them to understand their environment better. Similarly, parent’s economic responsibility
increases as number of children increases.
To them, more children would mean more mouths to feed apart from the
provision of material necessities in life.
Education on the other hand, enables individuals to understand and
interact profitably with his environment.
It is a factor that opens and broadens the horizon of man. This means that the person’s ability to
assimilate tradition and morals; develops his social and economic attitudes,
which are known factors of optimum development of man.
Moreover, it should also be considered that external
factors or immediate situation might predominate the attitude of a person. For example, a person whose developmental
history has shaped a personality, which incorporates a high need for
achievement and power, when placed into a highly bureaucratized work situation,
this person may become frustrated and react apathetically or aggressively. Thus, on the surface the worker appears lazy
or as a trouble-maker. Yet the
development history would predict that the individual would be a hard worker,
striving to get ahead. In similar
manner, external factors contributing to entrepreneurial endeavor such as
economic policy, infrastructure, technology development, education system,
information technology development rate may affect the predisposition of a
person. In summary, the contributions of
these factors in framing the attitude of the youth is important to determine
for a successful youth entrepreneurship programs.
4.0
Research Methodology
The study was carried out in two selected universities
in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Two
hundred and ten respondents were selected using stratified random sampling
method. The students in their final year
were grouped according to their age levels and specialization. Age level of youth indicated by the NYSC
program in the country of which the upper limit of age 30 and below was used in
the study.
Pre-tested questionnaire was designed to ferret the
pertinent information required by the study.
The variable attitude, which is the belief assigned to entrepreneurship
attributes in forms of attitude statements were listed. These include entrepreneurial capacity
factors, entrepreneurship personality factors, and external factors or environmental
factors. These attitudes were measured using a five-point scale viz: Very much
(5), much (4), to an average (3), quite a bit (2) and not at all (1). Entrepreneurial personality traits attributes
were determined by listing a set of pre-tested and validated entrepreneurial
traits against a five-point scale. The general attitude was measured using
likert scale after characterizing them into nominal scales. A mini focus group discussion was held to
augment the areas taken as attributes.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution
and percentages were use to analyze and describe the data. Correlation coefficient analysis through the
use of simple regression was used in order to determine the relationship that
exists between the variables to predict the influence of the independent
variables in the attitude of the youth.
5.0
Results and Discussion
5.1
Entrepreneurial Capacity
Factors
The
results in Table 1 show that the mean scores of variables learning (4.069) and
experience (4.027) revealed high favorable beliefs of the respondents. They
have the belief that entrepreneurship can be taught and teaching it can develop
their entrepreneurial ability. They also
believe that attending entrepreneurship programs would help them to identify
their potentials. Majority (72%) believe
that business exposure is important especially at the early age because working
with relations in business is a way of teaching and familiarizing them into the
ins and outs of business. The results
also revealed an average agreement of the respondents shown in the mean score
results in the areas of motivation (3.439), social (3.318), culture (3.632),
and socio-economic (3.730) factors of entrepreneurship
5.2 Environmental
(external) Factors
The
results in Table 2 show that the rate of information technology development was
highly (4.064) favored by the respondents.
They believe that it has a great impact on entrepreneurship
development. Actually, information
technology in the country has started to revolutionize most of the
businesses. Educational system is also
highly (4.260) perceived to have been contributing largely towards the
achievement in developing an entrepreneurial society. This would have been the result of the
amended academic curriculum introducing entrepreneurial development program by
the Nigerian University Commission (NUC) in management and administration
disciplines. This program was aimed at
catalyzing and filling the gap in developing entrepreneurial competence among
students.
However,
the perception of the majority among the respondents on factors like
infrastructure, finance, and technical is opposed to what they believed on
information technology development and education system. The discussion revealed that the linking
roads from urban areas to the rural sites are unattended and disrupting the
objectives of distribution system on raw materials and finished products. The discussion also had shown that
electricity is almost getting out of reach of the economic sector. These unfavorable views of the respondents
gave a low mean score of 2.079. Finance is also held to be affecting
entrepreneurship with a low mean score of 2.145. This is one of the issues
discussed and that its impact to entrepreneurship has reduced the participation
especially the smaller groups in the business sector. Technical factor was similarly viewed to be
inhibiting the development of their potential and capacity, which was revealed
by a low mean score of 2.231. A low mean
score of 2.878 was also revealed against economic policy particularly the trade
policies were revealed to have been inhibiting the development of small-scale
industries. They perceived that economic
policies are unsupportive towards entrepreneurship development. In summary the environmental factors were generally
felt by the respondents to be deterring economic progress shown by a low grand
mean score of 2.942.
5.3 Entrepreneurial
Personality Trait Factors
The data in Table 3 show the listed entrepreneurial
personality traits perceived by the respondents to have been influencing their
attitude. The data revealed that innovativeness and industriousness are highly
perceived to be personal traits influencing their attitude showing mean scores
of 4.570 and 4.647 respectively. These are personal qualities or attributes
seen by the respondents responsible for their entrepreneurship attitude. They believe that it takes an entrepreneur’s
ability to conceive and develop an idea beneficial to mankind and that the
success of this endeavor lies on the hard working entrepreneur. Many other attributes were perceived to be
significant of which they believed to be favorable to entrepreneurship. These
include risk-taking (4.623), resourcefulness (4.190), persistence (4.090),
preoccupation (4.547), optimism (3.993), and enthusiasm (3.924). The general
mean score of 4.329 highly indicates that the respondents believe on the listed
entrepreneurial personality traits being responsible to their favorable
attitude.
5.4 Attitude on
Entrepreneurship Program
The results in Table 4 show the favorable attitude of
the respondents towards entrepreneurship program for the youth. This is revealed by a high mean score of
4.028. However, the contribution of the
environmental factors to entrepreneurship program attitude is alarming. This is shown by a low mean score of
(2.741), which indicates an unfavorable attitude of the respondents. This is opposed to their attitude on learning
having a high mean score of 4.222 of which can be inferred that the youth are
interested to learn entrepreneurship.
They believe that learning can develop their potentials and build their
capacities on entrepreneurship. The
results can also be inferred that the youth’s interest to learn is eroded by
the threat of external factors. Also,
their strong conviction that learning can develop their potential and skills is
threatened by these factors. From the
data, it can be inferred that such strong conviction of the youth possessing
the innate entrepreneurial personality traits of which learning can develop is
a major obstacle to entrepreneurship programs development.
Moreover, the results of correlation analysis in Table 5
show that factors such as entrepreneurship personality traits (r=0.39647),
social (r=0.27564), experience (r=0.31302), learning (r=0.33028),
socio-economic (r=0.21947), and culture (r=0.27078) have significant
relationships with entrepreneurship program attitude at 0.05 level of
significance. Motivation (r=0.07395) and external factors (r=0.07298) were
observed to have no significant relationships with attitude on entrepreneurship
program. This means that the higher the
favorable beliefs of the youths with those factors having significant
relationships with attitude on entrepreneurship programs, the higher would be
their favorable attitude on entrepreneurship programs. These results suggest that that these factors
be visited before embarking on introducing an entrepreneurship program for the
youth. Consideration should be given on
the percentage contribution of each factor to attitude. For instance, entrepreneurship personality
trait has contributed 16 percent, learning is 11 percent, experience is 10
percent, and social 7 percent.
6.0 Summary and
Conclusion
The identification and examination of the factors
influencing the attitude of the youth towards entrepreneurship programs is
imperative. This will highlight the necessity of understanding various factors
that may enhance or inhibit the success of the program. In the study, entrepreneurial capacity
factors such as learning and experience are revealed to have perceived highly
favorable in influencing entrepreneurship.
Inclusive of social, culture, socio-economic, these entrepreneurial
capacity factors have averagely perceived to be favorable. Entrepreneurship personality traits such as
being innovative and industrious have scored highest among the attributes
listed framing favorable views of the youth towards entrepreneurship. However, there are external factors that are
perceived to be inhibiting the youth’s entrepreneurial skill development and
entrepreneurial potentials. These
include the perceived neglect on the importance of improving infrastructure and
facilities such as electricity and roads, the unsupportive economic policies,
lack of financial assistance and low rate of technological development.
Moreover, the study concludes that the factors
identified have significantly contributed to the variation of the attitude of
the youths towards entrepreneurship program.
In other words, the results of the study tend to suggest that the
attitude of the participants must be considered to ensure success of an
entrepreneurship program in the country.
In this way, the barriers that are eroding the entrepreneurial spirit
and drive of the youths be addressed properly.
The study therefore, draws the attention to both the concerned public
and private institutions to make necessary efforts to improve and sustain the
attitude of the youths towards entrepreneurship programs in the educational
institutions. The following suggestions
include:
- Facilities and infrastructure: This will facilitate quick delivery of products and services thus, attract the creation of new businesses. These include good road networks, communication, reliable banking facilities, and dependable power supply.
- Technical and technology assistance: This covers giving advice on the production aspects of the business such as engineering services, scientific research, quality control, product development, among others.
- Financial assistance: This refers to the provision of money through loans to be used in starting as well as expanding of viable businesses. Financing programs must be improved and accessible to entrepreneurs.
- Economic related policies: Recognizing the important role of entrepreneurship in economic development, government should revisit economic policies and development plans giving priority in assisting entrepreneurship programs.
- Education and information technology: Efforts in teaching and research to identify the needs in the development of entrepreneurship and address the barriers to it success is of paramount importance. An increased awareness on information technology must be sustained. Educational institutions must develop attractive programs/courses to draw the attention of the youths and enhance the development of their capacity factors. There is also a need to rekindle the entrepreneurial spirit by establishing a business center where youth can have a practical experience to enrich their entrepreneurial involvement thereby changing their attitude towards entrepreneurship programs. It is also advocated that entrepreneurial attachment be considered in the school curriculum.
- Capacity factors: Intensive awareness campaign on the important roles of society in developing young entrepreneurs especially the family participation.
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APPENDIX
Table 1: Distribution of respondents’ beliefs on entrepreneurship capacity factors
Variables
|
Very much
|
Much
|
At an average
|
Quite a bit
|
Not at all
|
Mean Score
|
|||||
Learning
a) Entrepreneurship
can be taught
b) I like attending entrepreneurship programs
c) I believe on
entrepreneurial ability development
|
F
83
80
92
|
%
40
38
44
|
F
64
59
63
|
%
30
28
30
|
F
51
62
55
|
%
24
30
26
|
F
12
09
00
|
%
06
04
00
|
F
00
00
00
|
%
00
00
00
|
4.069
|
Socio-economic
a) Entrepreneurship
creates employment
b) Entrepreneurship utilizes indigenous
resources
c) Entrepreneurship increases national
productivity
|
60
53
50
|
29
25
24
|
63
44
67
|
30
21
32
|
63
75
53
|
30
36
25
|
24
38
40
|
11
18
19
|
00
00
00
|
00
00
00
|
3.730
|
Culture
a) I want to live
in entrepreneurial society
b) Entrepreneurship
is a part of our culture
c) Parents are happy seeing their children
involved in entrepreneurship
|
48
48
41
|
23
23
19
|
68
66
56
|
32
31
27
|
62
53
54
|
30
26
27
|
32
43
41
|
15
20
19
|
00
00
18
|
00
00
08
|
3.632
|
Experience
a)Business exposure is important at early age
b) Successful
entrepreneurs are those who started working with relations
c) I want to
have experience in business
|
78
66
83
|
37
31
40
|
88
63
76
|
42
30
36
|
44
54
51
|
21
26
24
|
00
21
00
|
00
10
00
|
00
06
00
|
00
03
00
|
4.027
|
Social
a) Entrepreneurship
is not gender biased
b) Entrepreneurship is not meant only for
elderly
c) Entrepreneurship is not only for married
people
|
38
31
56
|
18
15
27
|
51
43
56
|
24
21
27
|
88
51
60
|
41
24
28
|
24
49
38
|
11
23
18
|
12
36
00
|
06
17
00
|
3.318
|
Motivation
a) Entrepreneurs
are self-motivated
b) Entrepreneurs are high in need achievement
c)
Entrepreneurs means self-reliance
|
42
35
45
|
20
17
21
|
46
35
49
|
22
17
24
|
75
97
89
|
35
46
42
|
44
40
27
|
21
19
13
|
03
03
00
|
01
01
00
|
3.439
|
Grand Mean Score
|
3.702
|
||||||||||
Source: Survey 2002
Very much = 5
Much = 4
At an average = 3
Quite a bit = 2
Not at all = 1
Table 2: Distribution of respondents on perception of external factors
Variables
|
Very high
|
High
|
Average
|
Low
|
Very low
|
Mean Score
|
|||||
Information
technology
|
F
98
|
%
47
|
F
49
|
%
23
|
F
45
|
%
21
|
F
15
|
%
07
|
F
03
|
%
02
|
4.064
|
Education
system
|
102
|
49
|
64
|
30
|
41
|
20
|
03
|
01
|
00
|
00
|
4.260
|
Infrastructure
|
08
|
04
|
10
|
05
|
51
|
24
|
63
|
30
|
78
|
37
|
2.079
|
Finance
|
12
|
06
|
15
|
07
|
48
|
23
|
52
|
24
|
83
|
40
|
2.145
|
Technical
|
12
|
06
|
18
|
08
|
50
|
24
|
74
|
35
|
56
|
27
|
2.231
|
Economic
policy
|
38
|
18
|
24
|
11
|
61
|
29
|
49
|
24
|
38
|
18
|
2.878
|
Grand mean score
|
2.942
|
||||||||||
Source: Survey 2002
Very high = 5
High = 4
Average = 3
Low = 2
Very Low = 1
Table 3: Distribution of respondents on perception of entrepreneurship personality traits
Variables
|
Strongly Agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly
Disagree
|
Mean Score
|
|||||
Innovation
|
F
129
|
%
61
|
F
72
|
%
35
|
F
09
|
%
04
|
F
00
|
%
00
|
F
00
|
%
00
|
4.570
|
Industrious
|
136
|
65
|
74
|
35
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
4.647
|
Risk-taking
|
136
|
65
|
69
|
33
|
05
|
02
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
4.623
|
Resourceful
|
89
|
43
|
72
|
34
|
49
|
23
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
4.190
|
Persistence
|
72
|
34
|
85
|
41
|
53
|
25
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
4.090
|
Preoccupation
|
120
|
57
|
85
|
41
|
05
|
05
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
00
|
4.547
|
Optimism
|
68
|
32
|
78
|
37
|
59
|
28
|
05
|
02
|
00
|
00
|
3.993
|
Enthusiasm
|
70
|
33
|
70
|
33
|
65
|
32
|
05
|
02
|
00
|
00
|
3.974
|
Grand mean score
|
4.329
|
||||||||||
Source: Survey 2002
Strongly agree = 5
Agree = 4
Neutral = 3
Disagree =2
Strongly disagree = 1
Table 4: Distribution of respondents on entrepreneurship program attitude
Variables
|
Strongly Agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly
Disagree
|
Mean Score
|
|||||
Learning
|
F
95
|
%
45
|
F
68
|
%
32
|
F
46
|
%
22
|
F
01
|
%
01
|
F
00
|
%
00
|
4.222
|
Culture
|
48
|
23
|
39
|
18
|
64
|
30
|
31
|
15
|
28
|
14
|
3.226
|
Motivation
|
50
|
24
|
30
|
14
|
61
|
29
|
50
|
25
|
16
|
08
|
3.184
|
Experience
|
76
|
36
|
32
|
15
|
63
|
31
|
30
|
14
|
09
|
04
|
3.645
|
Socio-economic
|
42
|
20
|
40
|
19
|
68
|
32
|
28
|
13
|
32
|
16
|
3.150
|
Social
|
45
|
21
|
46
|
22
|
56
|
27
|
33
|
16
|
30
|
14
|
3.203
|
Environmental
|
39
|
19
|
25
|
12
|
46
|
22
|
43
|
20
|
57
|
27
|
2.741
|
Entrepreneurial
traits
|
112
|
54
|
42
|
20
|
36
|
17
|
15
|
07
|
00
|
00
|
4.122
|
Grand mean
score
|
4.028
|
||||||||||
Source: Survey 2002
Strongly agree
= 5
Agree
= 4
Neutral
= 3
Disagree
= 2
Strongly disagree
= 1
Table 5: Results of
regression analysis showing the relationship between factors of
entrepreneurship and attitude
Variables
|
Coefficient of
Correlation
( r )
|
Coefficient of determination (r2)
|
Sig F
|
Personality
traits
|
0.39647
|
0.15718
|
0.0001
|
Social
|
0.27564
|
0.07597
|
0.0022
|
Experience
|
0.31302
|
0.09798
|
0.0008
|
Learning
|
0.33028
|
0.10908
|
0.0002
|
Socio-economic
|
0.21947
|
0.04816
|
0.0131
|
Motivation
|
0.07395
|
0.00546
|
0.5152
|
Culture
|
0.27078
|
0.07332
|
0.0022
|
External
forces
|
0.07298
|
0.00532
|
0.4213
|
Source: Survey 2002
P < 0.05